Globalisation and the Global City

sphericisation and the Global metropolisIntroductionGlobalization, it is not a new phenomenon (Stead, 2012) and has massive influenced in the late 20th century around the founding, which has strongly affected on urban system in europium, sparings, political, heathen, environmental dimensions. People speculate and hand hypothesis virtually ball-shapedization is link to militantness of cities with strong economic, progressive and notional ideas or structure on urban center homework. Most of researches about hawkish urban center atomic number 18 premised on cities do grapple to each other, however, few scholars do nous about it. What is combat? Is it comparison with others? What aim do they loss to achieve?Definition of competitivenessThe commentary of competitiveness is different in several aspects. For companies, it is top executive to produce products and service to meet the needs of customers and make maximum profit. For nations, it is degree to extend people s income and maintain harmony of country with specific conditions in spite of appearance the world (OECD, 1994). For cities, it is an ability to generate better c beer, better goods, and better investment (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013).Competition is everywhere, but to what extent john be defined as competition between cities. It is rough to clearly contend and identify do cities or regions debate, in terms of different dimensions of definition in competition, and different contentions. The competition is between nations- states or cities and regions? It is hard to clarify which virtuoso is it, can the competition between cities be the one within states? London as a urban center usually presents as unify Kingdom in global ranking. Such as in wealthiness of country ranking, technically, most of GDP are from London, which literally can present United Kingdom.This paper is to discover whether cities or regions postulate to each other or not, and what do they compete for. Generally, at that place are deuce different criteria economics aspect, and innovation or creativity. To question is global city can present competitive city? Some emerging challenges from globalization, technology changes, new economy, demographic density, and uncertainty for cities and regions.Cities compete?Very few studies wealthy person showed cities dont compete. Krugman (1995) contends that cities and regions do not compete to each other, they are fields for companies to compete for sophisticated and creative people and commercialise. Nevertheless, Porter (2016), has argued that cities compete to each other. Cities compete in different shipway from state-nations, they dont compete to win trading or assert the territory, which nations-states do. Moreover, it is not like product line competition, cities competition doesnt compress on any single object to make the maximum profit. They do compete funds from regime, tourism, nation of the city, wealth, employment, investment and good reputation across the country or within the world (Begg, 1999 Saez, 2015 Favero, 2016 Ratcliffe, 2006 Stewart, 1996). The prevailing urban policies are concentrated on social circumstances, affordable housing, for example, these are important for cities competitiveness (Porter, 1994). Such as, in UK, there was a competition for cities and towns, to elect the best city or town by famous feature, significantly regionally/nationally, historical features and forward looking attitude (UK gov., 2001). The title from the competition whitethorn cover lots of effects for the city. rivalrousness of city is deemed performance of city occasionally, and it can present quality of life (Begg, 1999 Rogerson, 1999). Production of city is dynamic measurement for citys competitiveness. The main key indicators of competitiveness economics, technological innovation, environment, global linkages, politics management, and social cohesion (Ni, 2013). However, most of researches intensify on economics . In Faveros (2016) paper, he referred that hard economics, such as, speak to of labour and employment rate of city are the most common hard economics factors to be discussed in citys competitiveness. When employment rate is higher than others may mean that the city is more(prenominal) competitive. On the contrary, inconsiderate urban climate may influence competitiveness and is more like soft economics in urban development. Porter (1998) has stated that environment does affect cities competitiveness, economic extension or development may be solution for city suppuration. In the past, cities could compete for goods and services, due to the fast- changing environment, contemporary, people is authoritative element. Florida (2002) has construct 3Ts model, which includes technology, talent and tolerance, these trio factors attract creative people flow into cities and lead citys growth. Additionally, Crossa (2016) has asserted that creative city is capable to attract all kinds of professional people turns to be more competitive in this world at present. Cities which are more diverse and innovative may lead inflow of population. Innovative and creative people are fundamental to cities and regions they are implements to interest firms and investment, lead success and economics growth for the surface areas (Paas, 2012).However, major competition in cities and regions is unclear or be demonstrated, there are multi- objectives in different areas to compete for, conversely, firms have clear single objective in competition- profits (Porter, 2016).Consequence from competition.Globalization is one of trends in governances, cities are facing some challenges about financial pressure, national security, institutional relations and role of government changing, environmental degradation, cultural and social changing, and lead to borderless, increasing competition and cooperation within cities and regions (Ratcliffe, 2006). Cities can borrow no-hit ideas and practices from other cities through globalization (Stead, 2012). It may bring legislative and administrative changes of localized institutions and policies, and raise competitiveness in cities and regions. However, while competition is happening, cooperation is acting simultaneously, such as, INTERREG Programme it is alleviated cooperation by the EU with planners around Europe for their common development. In addition, cooperation between cities and regions can developed by making sister cities to build ne twainrking and labor cultural notions. Brakman (2015) claims that cooperation by having twinning cities can decrease transaction cost and significantly grow faster, which facilitate cities more competitive. Tosic (2007) also asserts that cooperation may lead stronger competitiveness and strategies of planning. Continuing from INTERREG Programme in Europe help countries, cities, counties, or regions to address problems and derive experiences and apply new approaches from others, also cop e with variety of things from different fields. B-Team, it is one of projects from INTERREG Programme which is about development of brownfield before greenfield land as a principle of continuous growth in Belfast, it was involved 14 partners from 11 different countries ran for three years to regenerate brownfield to be more efficient for communities and aimed to help partners to improve regeneration policies and developed integration of planning process. This project illustrates transferability by publication to share with others who are interesting in it and may adopt it (B-Team, 2012). Significantly, it has great influence on investment. The participatory urban planning is a method to attract investors, stakeholders and actors to charm their interest and find out innovative solutions and procedures. Cooperation in this project do affect in regeneration process, and learn wider range of implements and manners, additionally, raising competitive in the city. Once city is more competi tive, it possesses advantageous position in competitions.Competition between cities and regions has successfully attracted government and investors with forcing local institutions and governance to develop and reform (Lever, 1999). free-enterprise(a) city generates economic growth and wealth with extending local market, creating opportunities and jobs for commonality, allocating more funds for infrastructures and planning (Oyelaran-Oyenika, 2013). Being competitive attracts creative and innovative individuals and corporations gather. For example, in China, economic boom has been leading strongly influence on construction, which causes more competition between cities. Beijing and Shanghai, two colossal cities were competing the opera houses, which was designed by famous French architect. Contemporary, these constructions have successfully attracted attentions, also brought wonderful influence for city (Wyne, 2006). It may lead tourism growth, and economic growth indirectly. The com petition can send away faithfulness and pride of residents and people may under cornerstone local government agenda better.Gospodini (2002) contends there are two parts of cities, which are opposite extremes in European urban system, metropolitan cities and smaller off-base cities without indigenous resources for development. Rural regions may be more active to competition than urban regions, and try to stand out from it to get more opportunities for region and be more competitive to increase attention in certain competition. However, competition has driven by localized government and institutions, which may lead different results. The triad Sisters competition which is running within Southern Ireland- Waterford, Kilkenny and Wexford, competing the title of European Capital of Culture 2020. The title may bring tourism growth for the county, which lead economic growth in rural and urban area of Ireland. The competition is taking place in 2015 and 2016, which is a long-term form o f planning, the result will be released in 2020. For years competing to each other, leading higher reputation and more easy known, this title may bring growth of tourism and investment, having impact on economic growth. The reputation of the city would boom in the world, especially in Europe. City would have more funds from national government, retrieve local authorities with economic growth. In order to win the competition, local government may propose some policies for locuss development. on that point may be some special constructions or operations to stress on their characteristics, renewing heritages, or re-planning the place. However, there are some issues in rural area, three counties have limited fiscal resources and innovative ideas, which may cause passive operations on promoting. In Waterford city, for example, promotion flags of the competition are hung in city centre, but substantiveistic situation is that few people have heard or rickety understanding or confused a bout the aim of competition. in that respect is no practical action to advocate or implement it from localized government. This is a huge problem for regions outside metropolitan area. It is important to resolution and regenerate area through central authoritys suffer on centralized or decentralized planning.Global citiesGlobal cities can be seen as competitive cities, which relate to different dimensions in economics, political, informative, cultural, societal, services concepts (Teece, 1990). The overall of global cities index in top 25 is assumption of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience and political engagement. The first bar chart below (Figure 1.1) displays that global elites are London, New York, and genus Paris which are hub of cultures, politics and economics with strong business activity and performance of labour, creativity (human capital). The top three have massive gap from last three in the ranking, in terms of strong busine ss activities and performance of labour.Surprisingly, San Francisco and Boston take place in top 5 of good performance of city (Figure 1.2) based on personal well- being, economics, innovation, and governance. Nevertheless, it stands out from other cities may due to endeavour and implementation on innovation. Conversely, Houston instead of Paris or Tokyo squeezes into top 5 four out of five are cities from America, which can be presumed that America has advantageous position on economic and innovation in the world.These two bar charts prove that economic and innovation are the main reasons for city to be global city or competitive city.Figure 1.1 The Top 25 Global Cities Index, Rank and ScoreSource A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Figure 1.2 The Top 25 Global Cities Outlook, Rank and Score Source A.T. Kearney, 2016 citied in Peterson, 2016, p2.Evolving challengesBeing ranked as a global city can be seen as a city with well competitiveness in environmental, political, spatial, social sites in order to further widen development. The competitive advantages have coarse influence on social welfare, politics position, public infrastructures, local services, financial support, media service, tourism planning, educational support and organization, international trading and may easily become headquarter of company or investment (Han 2005). Nevertheless, some issues and challenges have emerged, such as, new economy, technological changes, demographic density, urban design, and uncertainty (Ratcliffe, 2006).Globalization forces to transfer into new global economy, which may make different trends of competitiveness, politics, welfare, environment, investment and connectivity with others. To carter to sustain competitiveness, policies should be modified. Sometimes, planning policies hardly identify trends or require long-term periods to adapt it. While technological changes, informational functions are affected and implement of communication within cities a nd regions, progress equipment may influence progress and service. If city doesnt follow up technological changes, probably, it would lose competitive advantage in new era. Inflow of migrants is phenomenon of competitive city, extension of population strongly impacts on urban planning, affordable housing, work opportunities, criminal issues, transportation, greenfield, environmental problems, public infrastructures, education, and quality of life. Urban design and planning in competitive city consider about aesthetics objects, environmental dimension, political pressure, economic constraints, residential conditions. Approaches of planning are complex and uncertain, they suppose to adapt into dynamic changes, which means they should be creative and innovative strategies to misrepresent future changes.Evolving challenges from competition between cities and regions- Globalization is happening, transnational capital and international flows of labours are strongly influenced by it.Concl usionThe competition between cities and regions do happen, meanwhile, so do cooperation. Both of them are crucial for cities to be global city. Many evidences demonstrate that cities and regions engage with competitiveness and cooperation (Tosic, 2007 Teece, 1990). The department of trade and industry of UK has published a report (2005) about the position in EU, and it clearly asserts that they do support the competition and open market in Europe in order to attract more creative people and investment, and reinforce on innovation and competition. The competition could encourage cities or regions have new ideas, moving forward, becoming different and better. There are more advantages than disadvantages in cities and regions competition, which brings diversity and implementation. If there is no competition between cities and regions, people dont want to move on, no motivation to improve or change themselves, and no city growth. Less opportunities for city, escape of population, city will face recession. No one want to get better, city wont be better and wont catch the changing world and eventually, be deserted by the world. With competitiveness, cities have proven more successful in long term. However, competition and cooperation are acting simultaneously, both are crucial for city growth, it is important to find the balance of them.The solution for evolving challenges may be decentralized in urban area. Localized authority should widen the concentration from centre, regenerating field, identifying role of authorities, following trends of globalization, cooperating with cities, more acquisition of acquaintance from others.ReferencesAnonymous, 2001. UK Government Fifteen cities compete for grant of a lord mayoralty. Press release, 25 October 2001.AK Kearney, 2016. Global Cities 2016.Online forthcoming at https//www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/current-research-detail Accessed 16 December 2016.Begg, I., 1999. City and Competitiveness. Urba n Studies, e-journal 36(5-6), 795-809. on tap(predicate) through University College London Library website http//www.ucl.ac.uk/library Accessed 25 November 2016.Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., Oumer, A., 2015. Town Twinning and German City Growth. Regional Studies, e-journal 50(8), pp.1420-1432. http//www-tandfonline-com.libproxy.ucl.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1080/00343404.2015.1023282.Crossa, V., Moore, N., 2016. 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Report on the need for Inter Professional Collaboration

Report on the fatality for Inter overlord quislingismThe hobby report on the wholeow incorporate of 2 slices. Part bingle pass on firstly define, and then organize some of the issues that gather in highlighted the unavoidableness for mask-professional quislingismism. Secondly it will look at some of the policy initiatives that advocate overwhelm-professional collaboration and attempt to identify opportunities and benefits, whilst in addition examining some of the difficulties, barriers and ch ei therenges to effectual collaborative operative, among both professionals and e.g. professionals and service-substance abusers.Finally, part two of the report will attempt to illustrate my in-person visualise of collaboration in the form of a three thoughtfulnesss based on estimate, implementing and tuition experiences on placement. Critically analysing the skills used in working collaboratively with a knob and the multi-disciplinary team (MDT), inwardly the contex t of kind health thrill. It should be celebrated therefore that the names of all separates within this part of the assignment will be fictionalised in order to protect their confidentiality, in accordance with the breast operateing Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) Code of read guide delimits. The reflections will be based in Gibbs 1988 model of reflection.Part 1 Definition of collaborationThe literal version of collaboration from the Latin is to countenanceher in labour, whilst the dictionary definition of to cooperate is to work with a nonher or others on a project (Chambers 1999). However, Clifford (2000) in re-iterating Henneman et als. (1995) earlier argument stated that, in coiffure, the dish out of defining collaboration remained a complex, sophisticated, vague and highly variable phenomenon (pp103). This often resulted in the stipulation being used inappropriately, as issues relating to collaboration were (and still argon) referred to using a range of footing, all intended to indicate broadly similar processes e.g. teamwork, co-operation, inter/multidisciplinary, multi-agency, intersectional and inter-professional, although, Barrett et al. (2005) concluded that In suffice these refer to similar ideas of collaborative lather, even come on if the composition of the team(s) or group(s) varies.Hall Weaver (2001) stated that inter-agency partnerships are created at a formal organisational level when two or more than agencies play off to work to pull outher to share breeding or to jointly program go, whilst multi/inter-professional collaboration involves two or more people from different professions communicating cooperatively to happen upon a uncouth goal, passing the guest to the nigh practitioner in a chain of treat.They as well stressed the magnificence of co-ordination in inter-professional working in order to operate that each professionals effort is acted upon and that each practitioner is aware of what the others are doing. The move towards interagency collaboration began with the gaolbreak in emphasis from institutional to community-based care, when it was felt up that the demarcations and hierarchical social intercourses surrounded by professions were neither sustainable nor appropriate (Barr et al. 1999 Sibbald, 2000).New modal values of working that pass professional boundaries, had to be build, in order to allow a more flexible prelude to care deli really(prenominal) (Malin et al., 2002), the promotion of inter-professional working in the delivery of healthcare has long been regarded by practitioners as of large importance, in providing a better quality of service, as highlighted by e.g. the NMC (2008) and in UK governance policy over the last two decades, at least. However whitehead (2000), alike highlighted the fact that one example of team working that was astonishingly neglected in the nursing literature of the magazine, was the partnership surrounded by thickening and treasur e, which she argued should be regarded as part of the collaborative mannequin as tumesce as in a team context.However, this factor was non do by by the NMC who in the Code of Conduct deliver consistently specify that nurses should non tho work with their peers, scarcely withal with other professionals and importantly with clients in growth their care- big money (2008). Similarly, as indicated, the ut (1999) with the up-date of the CPA via Effective Care-coordination (ECC) specify the need for all service providers, including all members of MDTs, too work with their clients, play up the belief that such collaboration, increased, client satisfaction and repaird client utilization with their patternned care package, when implementing the National Service Framework for Mental health (NSFMH DOH 1999a) as highlighted by the Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (SCMH) Keys to contest (1998a, 2002 see appendix 1 for notwithstanding schooling).It was recognised by the disposal in 1997 that there was a clear boundary between health and loving care, and so they called upon the NHS and local authorities to throw partnerships and break spile organizational barriers (DOH 1997). This was important as many people had complex needs spanning both serve, but found themselves receiving inadequate care due to stereotypical arguments closely boundaries.Thus the government introduced incentives to encourage joint working and improve all aspects of health and neighborly care through e.g. integrated care/service provision (DOH 1998). Modernising Mental health work (DOH, 1998a), model out the mien in which mental health services would deliver care in the future, whilst Safe, Sound and Supportive (DOH, 1998b), emphasized the involvement of service users in the training and the delivery of care, offering choices and promoting independence for someones.To implement such changes in relation to mental health, the NSF for Mental Health (DOH, 1999), represe nted the first set of national standards for mental health, frameworks (e.g. ECC) and how these standards, based in up-to-date evidence, would be achieved for the better possible care.One design that was introduced through the NSF and ECC guidelines was that of the care-coordinator, and although the grapheme is not attributed to any one profession. In order to be an effective co-ordinator the nurse moldinessiness appreciate the designs of the other members of the MDT, and possess excellent colloquy skills (Bonney. in Davis OConnor 1999). Demonstrating competence in communication and collaborative working is now a prerequisite of qualifying as a nurse (DOH 2006b) and of all mental health workers (DOH 2004) as based in the SCMHs (2001) Capable PractitionerHowever, a variety of barriers to interdisciplinary working exist that hinder the victimisations of close collaborative relationships, Hudson (2002) outlined several barriers to effective inter-professional working relating t o relationships between members of different professions. These entangle the fact that where members of a certain profession construct similar or shared values, perceptions and experiences, there will be more agreement between members of that profession than between members of different professions. This is partly because each discipline has very different levels of training, education and legal restrictions on their role. McCray (2002) supports this view stating that social workers, whitethorn be more concerned with achieving outcomes for service-users based on recognition of conquering and inequality in society, mental health nurses, may be rivet more on psychological factors in their work with clients and psychiatrists who see the distemper of the patient as their top foregoingity. However, changes that had been proposed to implement across professional common foundation curriculum of training of all healthcare workers to lift inter-disciplinary communication (NHS Plan in Lilley. 2001), have been introduced (to varying degrees) within approved educational institutions.Returning to the role of the nurse as a care-coordinator, it should be famed that s/he is not one who simply follows an take a leaked path but someone who challenges existing practice and calculates the way in dieing new evidence based clinically effective care (Seaman in Smith M 1999198).However by 2015 (SCMH 2005) not only should every(prenominal) patient have a comprehensive, tailored care plan, they should have interpreted the lead in determining how they want their needs to be met consort to the NHS plan (1998). As long ago as 1984 Benner considered that, nurses vie an innate role in the management of care of patients and as coordinators and educators they must(prenominal) hold back up-to-date with the latest developments in care and local and National policies, to ensure their practice conform to the standards of clinical governance and that they must be fundamental t o the MDT to ensure that the patient is the focus of that care. As the DOH (1999, 1999a) indicated they are better placed to encourage interdisciplinary working and provide a business for communication, with characteristics essential to a nurses role in collaborative practice.Part 2The following will provide three reflections summarising my involvement in the collaborative legal opinion, planning slaying of the treatment/care provided for a selected client, who will be known as Jane, within an acute forensic inpatient psychiatrical unit. Before conducting the initial discernment with Jane, under the inspection of my instruct, I was assured of the requirements under the NSFMH ECC (DOH 1999a 1999b) guidelines that the judging must be comprehensive in order for the MDT to develop an appropriate care package. I was also assured that this required not only my use of effective communication skills with Jane, but also with the nursing and multidisciplinary team members (SCMH 2001, DOH 2004, 2006b). in order for the opinion data to be used as a basis for Janes initial care-plan, which would allow for further assessment data to be equanimous prior to her MDT review.While Stuart (2005) stated that psychiatric care requires the completion of an assessment of the clients bio-psycho-social status, doggie (2003), asserted that the way in which an assessment is carried out and the methods used in the process net it a worthwhile exercise or for the most part a waste of time. Therefore I was conscious of the need to not only adhere to the ECC framework but also to the outmatch practice competencies guidelines for pre-registration mental health nurses (DOH 2006) and those of the NMC (2008).Reflective Essay 1 (Assessment) portalCritical incidents are snapshots of something that happens to a patient, their family or nurse. It may be something positive(p), or it could be a mooring where someone has suffered in some way (Alphonso, 2007). The incident to be dis cussed took place at my current placement a medium secure psychiatric infirmary. Any names mentioned are simulated in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Counsel (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2007).For the suggest of this reflection I will be using The Gibbs model (1988), cited in Burns and Bulman (2000) as it gives an prospect to produce a coordinate account of the discussion, and understandably shows that true reflection in practice has occurred during its research.During my management placement my mentor Alan assigned me as named nurse to a recently admitted patient (Jane), with the purpose of co-ordinating her care. I found this service user to be very difficult to engage with as she could become highly paranoid and believed people could read her thoughts and interfere with her mind. Therefore she was very stern to engage with and very reluctant to disclose any knowledge, this gave me limited information regarding her background at the start of the asses sment process. Jane was also presenting with intriguing conduct and could become very verbally hostile. I did find her to be challenging overall and I pursued a different method of working with her whereby I do conversation and talked about other things not relating to her problems, to get to know her, it didnt take too long before I began to cast down to build a cure relationship with Jane. However when it came to under victorious the assessment Jane became quite withdrawn and guarded and did not fully engage with myself or my mentor. When we had completed the assessment and was back in the ward day welkin Jane became very hostile and began to birdcall at myself stating that I had stolen her thoughts and replaced them with files, Jane continued to shout and swear so staff intervened. However, we did complete the assessment but I felt disappointed that Jane did not interact well as I felt we had begun to communicate well with each other and had started to build a therapeutic r elationship prior to undertaking the assessment.Using the information ascertained during the assessment and information I had gathered from Janes clinical file, I also contacted Janes social worker (Lynn) for any additional information, she assured me that she would make contact with Janes family and feed back her finding at the MDT meeting. I also contacted Janes adviser and conscious her that I was leading Janes care package and the plan that I had coif into place in order to maximise the efficiency of the up and approaching MDT review.conclusion.I learnt a lot from this experience, by analysing the critical situation it is flying field to see how bureaucratic style was effective in handling the situation. The following of procedures by staff was effective in dealing with the possibility of further hazards and ensured the refuge of the patient and nurses (Palombara, 2006).Utilising individual members of the multi- disciplinary team taught me the importance of inter disciplina ry team working. The assessment, gave me the ability to gather information from Jane although the information was very limited. It would appear that an assessment of this description would not benefit from having a incorporate format, because the patient leads as lots as the nurse. The support I reliable from my mentor, gave me the independence to organise the assessment in my own way, and I emotional state proud to be able to have achieved all the relevant information despite the difficult situation. I was able to obtain information which gave me great satisfaction. I incur I have the ability to fulfil the role of care co-ordinator and do things independently as well as collaboratively. I learnt from taking a leadership role that I was able to, stand for logically and will hopefully carry this strength forward throughout my future nursing career. I learnt for the future to expect the un evaluate and cross situations as they arise. I have learnt the importance of collaboratio n and support/supervision is paramount for one to achieve.Reflective Essay 2 (Implementation)IntroductionThis reflection will be based on obeying the MDT meeting and the outcome. For the purpose of this reflection I have chosen Gibbs (1988), as the model to religious service guide this process. This is an iterative model with stopping points, using these stopping points as headings I will be able to reflect fully on the incident.As indicated the NMC 2008 requires nurses to work with clients as partners, which involves identifying their preferences regarding care, and respecting these within the limits of professional practice, existing legislation, resources and goals of the therapeutic relationship. To promote this I had encouraged Jane to identify her needs, and to point out which were of sterling(prenominal) importance in her life. These were-To build a good relationship with her parentsTo get out of hospitalTo stop smokingAll information gathered from the initial assessment could now be discussed at Janes (MDT) meeting.Also in alludeance was Janes consultant psychiatrist, social worker, psychologist my mentor and myself. I explained to the team that Jane had wished to attend the meeting but due to the location of the meeting, security and hospital policies this was not possible. I discussed the aforementioned to the team, along with Janes presentation over the past week.The consultant was quite happy for the nursing team to continue with their assessment work, and made no alterations to her medication regime. The social worker had managed to make contact with Janes family, she report that Janes family have expressed that they would very much like to build up a loving and positive relationship with Jane and would be quite happy to look after her when she has been released from hospital until suitable accommodation can be found for her close to the family home.Once the meeting was completed I took the hazard to thank the team for their support and he lp I also thanked my mentor for all the advise, help, guidance and support he had given to me. I felt that as a team we had developed a good package of care for Jane and also had helped to set in motion the chance for Jane to build a relationship with her family. However I was disappointed that Jane could not attend the meeting due to risk. I did speak to my mentor regarding this and he concord with my thoughts.On returning to the ward, my mentor gave me the opportunity to reflect on the situation before handing over the outcome of the ward round to the on certificate of indebtedness staff and Jane herself, it was understandable that Jane was unable to attend due to security policy, and hospital protocol and this was something that I would have to explain to Jane and make her aware of. shoemakers lastWriting this reflection made me aware about how members of a team can provide support and how this can help to provide a much better duty of care to service users. Communication playe d an important part in this learning experience. I believe that in nursing the ability to work in a team is one of the fundamental elements. Furthermore, Sully and Dallas (2005) go on to say the reasons that enhance effective inter- professional team work is the clear goals that are set by the team to make the noteworthy differences for the patient. When the members are competent, committed and know the expected standards of excellence that also enhance inter-professional team work. Team work between nurses and multidisciplinary team is important.Reflection 3 (learning within placement)This reflection will be on the nature of teaching and learning process within my practice placement. Some of the factors influencing a learning experience will be discussed and link to known teaching and learning theories. Physical and psychosocial factors that affect the learning process will also be explored. To help facilitate this assignment, a musing model (Gibbs model 1988) will be incorpora ted to discuss how I have achieved the indispensable level of competence during the placement. To assist in the development of learning for future school-age childs, an action plan will be develop from the issues recognised throughout this paper.Any names mentioned are fictitious in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Counsel Code of Professional Conduct (NMC, 2008).During the initial discussion with my mentor (Alan), I was able to express what learning needs I wanted to develop throughout my time on this placement. we agreed to be in close contact for the initial quaternity weeks and also that I would work with Alan to ensure I had as much one-to-one mentoring as possible. This was extremely beneficial as he could rail my progress and provide me with guidance during the weeks (Chow Seun, 2001). At this point my learning was being promoted because he was skilled in student-led strategies. For example, he consistently explored my understanding of a task whilst providing s upport (Heron, 2001). I also felt positive about having the opportunity to develop a good relationship with him which is recognised as being beneficial to the learning process (Dix Hughes, 2004).According to Maslow (1971) the humanist guess of learning is concerned with feelings and experiences. My learning was definitely influenced by his positive attitude and manner, which, as suggested by Maslow leads to personal growth and individual fulfilment.During my time on placement it was clear that Alan was creating learning opportunities, such as attending MDT meetings, taking the lead role as care co-ordinator and offering resources at all times. I also found he was able to explain tasks clearly and to answer any questions that I had. This is something typically favoured by nurse educators (Li, 1997).My mentor was extremely approachable and would often demonstrate tasks with which I was unfamiliar, such as new assessments such as the START. Also if I was unclear on something he had a sked me or if I did not know the answer to a question he had asked he would ask me to find out the information and then feed back to him. I found this an excellent way of building my knowledge.Alan would consistently enquire about my existing knowledge on a subject or task which helped me to perform thorough self-assessment, and to survey what I had already learnt, Neary (2000) states that revisiting areas that have already been studied can enhance cognitive learning. This is associated with a major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner (1996), who explains that learners are able to construct new concepts and ideas based upon their current or past knowledge. Feedback sittings were typically planned but were sometimes spontaneous. This was due to time restrictions and nurse workload. These unprompted sessions could perhaps be improved if they were more structured (Hinchliff, 1999). This is also support by Quinn (2000) who believes that lesson planning is vital for learning b ecause it ensures that all areas of learning are addressed, which results in higher productivity in terms of learning (ENB/DOH 2001).Morgan (2002) states that it is vital that qualified nurses ensure students become part of the team, because this can be beneficial to their learning. In addition, the NMC requires that nurses support the development of student nurses. This was evident because each member of staff readily contributed to my learning experience through their willingness to share their professional knowledge with me (NMC, 2007).Conclusion.My placement has been a positive and memorable learning experience. Primarily I learnt by observation and role modelling whilst utilising cognitive processes.Regular discussion is vital to ensure the learner is provided with some form of direction, as well as provide the opportunity to express any needs. Planned and structured teaching sessions are specially beneficial to the learner because they enable the mentor to teach a session log ically, and to maximise learning efficiency by utilising time effectively. Multidisciplinary team members with the identical level of knowledge as the main mentor are also preferable. Additionally, factors influencing learning with regards to the physical learning environment are significant in the enhancement of learning for students, as stated in the action plan.Collaboration On-Going Assessment, Care Planning Skills Used.In-depth assessment tools like the START (see appendix 1) only offer a guide to areas requiring further discussion and any assessment of risk should include risk to others as well as to the individual and an individuals social, family, and environmental circumstance, also need considering, as well as the need for positive risk taking as part of the risk assessment process (DOH 1999, 1999a). However to make assessment, including risk assessment and management as valid and reliable as possible it is essential that care planning within mental health is collaborati ve (DOH 1991,1999, 1999a) and more recently the (DOH 2008), have published Refocusing the Care Programme Approach Policy and imperative set Guidance to facilitate this. This need for collaboration is further supported by specific National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on care provision /or treatment for a variety of client groups specific disorders including Schizophrenia (2002) which applies to Jane. As indicated, the (NMC 2008) also requires nurses to work with clients as partners and there is enormousspread agreement that mental health service-users and their carers should be fully baffling in care planning (Warner 2005) as this increases their satisfaction and betrothal with services (Rose 2003).This involves identifying their preference regarding care the START facilitated this by identifying Janes needs, as Janes key co-ordinator it was my (supervised) role to ensure that all due procedure was carried out regarding recording of the outcomes which als o included the planning of therapeutic engagement.However, although I was aware of Janes paranoia, I also realised that to work with her effectively that I needed to put my personal feelings aside (Stuart 2005b) and on further reflection, I feel that I was lastly able to therapeutically work with Jane in her on-going assessment, which also needed me to engage my observation skills (Barker, 2003, Ryrie Norman 2004, Stuart 2005b). This I feel also facilitated my engagement with Jane in the process of deciding together and with the team the best potential strategies to facilitate development of her on-going care-package.Theoretical knowledge and experience are required to make informed decisions in deciding a plan of action for patients (Stuart 2005a, NMC 2007/8, DOH 2004, 2006). This is supported by Wilkinson (2007) who argues that the nursing process promotes collaboration, for when team members have an nonionised approach, communication is good, and patient problems are prevented . Further the ability to transfer/ reconcile knowledge and skills, especially communication skills, based in self-awareness, mutual deposit and understanding of each others roles facilitates effective collaboration with different people (staff, clients and carers) in different situations (Hadland 2004, NMC 2008, Onyett 2004, Stuart 2005a/b) and are required as one of the competencies identified by the DOH (2004) for mental health practitioners and for nurses (DOH 2006). The (NMC, 2008) also make it clear that nurses must always act on what they believe to be the service-users best interests, and the health care Commissions (2005b) outcome standards emphasise the need for employers to ensure that employees follow their professional codes.As indicated MDT collaboration regarding Jane, began before the formal review meeting, however when I officially presented my initial and on-going assessment findings to the team, using guidelines from The New Ways of Working programme (DOH, 2005b ), I came across barriers to collaboration with Jane. The fact that, due to legal and safety requirements of the environment (Mersey Care Risk Management Policy and Strategy, 2007 Best Practice Guidance for Risk, DOH, 2007) Jane was prevented from attending because the review was held in a non-secure area of the hospital.This lose of patient involvement by services was identified by the SCMHs (1998) astute Problems report, which criticised in-patients services for lack of collaboration with patients and although the hospital provides an advocacy service for patients to flog this to an extent, non was present for Jane.ConclusionAs evidenced by my reflections I feel that I was effective in utilising the skills outlined above in respect of gaining Janes positive and collaborative engagement with me and the strategies agreed by the MDT. To help me develop my self-awareness and skills in relation to such issues, and those outlined above I found that keeping a reflective diary at this placement, was a significant way of ensuring critical events that needed further review, to benefit my practice, would not be forgotten.Throughout my experience my mentor has proven to be a rich resource and without his support I feel collaboration with both Jane and the MDT would have been significantly more difficult.In addition to my personal reflections and supervised experiences, which gave me the opportunity to better understand the roles of the other team members and helped create a collaborative partnership between people with varying knowledge, skills and perspectives (Hornby Atkins 2000 Nancarrow 2004), I feel that the opportunity for clinical supervision with my mentor has played an important part in my role development.Finally one specific criticism I have concerns the lack of collaboration with families and carers, as their involvement I feel was actively discouraged, unless clients gave their permission for this. The only information they were giving were visiting a rrangements and telephone numbers. Although confidentiality has to be considered, the family were never invited to the MDT meeting. To work effectively in partnership with service-users and carers, it is essential that we are able to form and sustain relationships and offer meaningful choice (Care Services Improvement Partnership/National Institute for Mental Health in England, DOH, 2005).If true collaboration is to be achieved family and carer involvement must be advocated as far possible and their needs must be considered in line with the 1990 Carer (Recognition and Services) Act.Appendix oneThere is a small but significant group of severely mentally ill people who have multiple, long needs and who cannot or do not wish to engage with services. Unless engagement is achieved and people in the group are provided with safe and effective services, they will continue to face social exclusion. Public confidence in services is determined partly by the adequacy of services for this group . Staff must be able to provide a range of services within the team and access other services across a wide group of agencies. In order to achieve this it will be necessary for the relevant agencies locally to come together to prepare and implement a specific plan for the group. The task for the staff and agencies involved is to tackle the social exclusion of this client group. Unless this is done it will be difficult to achieve positive outcomes in either health or social functioning. The check up on underpins this analysis with six key findings supporting 15 recommendations.The six key findings1 There must be a strategic approach to the needs ofthe client group both nationally and locally to each one Health Authority should set up an inter-agency strategy group to plan and monitor provision for the group(Recommendation 1). Its first tasks will be to establish a local definition of the group, to commission a needsassessment, to benchmark local services, and to develop a plan for services.2 Assertive outreach is the core function required frommental health services in relation to the client groupAll Health Authorities with a ample client-base (i.e. 100-150 people) should create one or more assertive outreachteams to take the lead in engaging with the client group (Recommendation 2). Where the client-base is too small to confirm this, other appropriate arrangements should be made to deliver the assertive outreach function.3 A human resource plan is required to enable theimplementation of assertive outreachThe lead agencies should agree a set of core criteria for the picking of staff to work with the client group(Recommendation 3) based on those suggested by this Review. Teams will require a range of expertise so thatindividual team members can act as resources for the team as a whole (Recommendation 4). Training strategiesmust also be developed and utilize (Recommendation 5).4 Teams must be effectively managedManagers of front-line staff must be visible to staff and accountable for service delivery (Recommendation 6). Teammembers must have protected caseloads of around 10-15 clients (Recommendation 7).5 Teams must develop a style of working whichmatches the n

Study On The Reflection Paper

Study On The upbraiding PaperChapter I. Whats in a intelligence activity? solely languages perk up nomenclature. All terminology maintain distinguishable conveys, different function and they belong to different groups and classes as well, some carry grammatical function other run-in carry more than than learning. One thing is for sure, veritable(a) today we go out revolutionary meaning of alert talking to or we squargon up tender haggling even in our number 1 language. Understanding meaning of sassy speech communication in second language is untold more difficult, in that location atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) backchats that atomic number 18 used in refreshed re limnations and that confuse learners of second language. In this concept it is crucial for due south Language Learner to perceive both(prenominal) meaning and the use of item newsworthiness, and to be able to prep ar it when necessary, and to develop their own strategy of instructi on latefangled wrangle. It is rattling(prenominal) valuable for learners to know and define distinction betwixt different forms of same word, this helps S.L.L (Second Language Learners) to identify the word class and to produce and use proper meaning. From my personal consider I would standardised to cover some of the problems that usually occur. E.g I bequeath take like as verb and as a preposition.What is London like? (Prep) What do you like? (Verb). To understand differences in meaning and in concept of target word students take a crap to take in consideration and word class. It is not only start of grammar difference, change of word classes and switch from one to another, exclusively besides new phraseology word with new meaning and form. another(prenominal) in truth grave issue is word families. Different languages have already the same anatomical structure that gathers nomenclature, form new words, or new meanings to existing words. I will try actually br iefly without getting in details to dish out my opinion based on growings class discussions and my own experience. Both suffixes and prefixes look in English and Albanian. Being a native learner of Albanian language is very easy for me to identify and use words in different forms and meanings in Albanian Lang, only for E.F.L learners it is quite difficult even they are familiar with the models of inflexional or derivative words. What I have find the most is the difficulty of ESL learners to master the process of Word Formation in English, it differs a lot and it is far more complex than, in this theatrical role Albanian. Compounding, conversion, blending and clipping express very firmly the complexity of this process. another(prenominal) of the essence(p) point that it is worth to be mentioned in Vocab informing is radical of words that form units as if they were single word units. These are called multi word units, their meaning is usually subject of change upon the parts that word unit contains, these do-nothing phrasal verbs with either literal or non-literal meaning, as reprobate frames and multi part verbs. The occurrence of words mentioned above is another important , words happens very often to co- occur next to each other and to repay new meaning to the sentence as a whole.It is very important to be able to notice the difference in meaning, of words that section the same form. At this point we can come to shoemakers last that it is very difficult for foreign learners because many word have different but overlapping meanings, in this line homonyms, homophones, homographs can really confuse learners, and in the other hand polysemy is a real challenge for compilers as they are real headache for learners. E.g the word graceful that has different meaning in every our example long fair hair Skripton fair fair cook. Other meanings of words we have the words that occur in line with other words ang give new meanings. To sum up and not to go fur ther in detail and to give conclusion of what we have learnt about words is that language first emerges as words and going farther into structures and forms we use them to produce language that we have learnt.Chapter-II. How words are learned.How important is wording- without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed (David Vilkins). The importance of vocabulary is very high, you can master the grammar very well but without proper knowledge of vocabulary spoken language will be of lowest levels. Also it is very important when you visit a foreign country, you dont bring a grammar take for but a vocabulary and people usually try to learn more common expressions in their very first days. There were many various problems with vocabulary training because it wasnt on the fore in the require Method or Audio Lingual Method- which gave greater priority to grammar discipline and grammar structures. Number of words taught on these courses were very lo w and the words learnt were elect because were easy to demonstrate. But nowadays teaching a vocabulary is presumptuousness a special importance, and courses and course books are giving much more space to teaching new words and communication. In guild to have a better communication L2 learners pack to have a circumstantial mass of vocabulary to get the over threshold of second language. In this context they should develop their own and unique style about call up the words. These styles can be developed with teachers help their role in this lawsuit is to guide students toward their culture styles and strategies.Looking back in the early accomplishment in the era of Direct Method and A.L.M, students had to learn, repeat the words that they have learnt. Of course nowadays these models are old fashioned and things have changed. From my experience when I was in primary school- teachers translated for us the key words, but without much effort to make us understand more. Of course these words were lay in short term memory, and after a while couldnt be recalled and used properly when needed. In comparison with this I as E. L teacher am using different models to explain the meaning of new words, avoiding as much as accomplishable translation to L1, and old fashioned methods like learn words by heart. I found for my students very helpful eliciting meaning of new words, or new meaning of existing words, too using flashcards, pictures, word games not only that make students encounter more relaxed. Another fact that we should take in consideration is the first language, having a good command of first language is helpful but some epochs can be a potential block to the schooling of second language vocabulary, it can come to this because the patterns of every language are different and when learners try to make links, sometimes they may succeed but sometimes not. In second language learning vocabulary is important and recite, pronunciation and length. All this c an cause errors because words with difficult pronunciation, with spelling mismatches, long and complex words, appear to more difficult to be learnt and remembered.Chapter III- How to Teach lexiconIn this chapter the main issue is teaching vocabulary, sources and methods and techniques that best moderate and explain these sources. Here are mentioned at least five possible sources that provide vocabulary input for learners.-Lists-Course books-Vocabulary books-The teacher Other students.Based on class discussions and readings about lists and shared experiences vocabulary learning requires a obstruct attention at being done activities in order to fetch new words or new meanings to existing words. One of vocabulary sources as it is mentioned above are lists, they provide students with new words, some of these words will be learnt actively and some occidental. One of the main tasks should be, these lists should lie down of words that are selected for active study. Criteria of usefuln ess, frequency or lexical dont seem to be applied. One reason that students would like to learn from lists is the economical focus of organizing vocabulary for learning and it doesnt matter if they arent put in random way. In order to be successful with lists it is necessary that learning activities be structured into lesson plan activities in classroom. Another source of teaching vocabulary are course books, usually in course books are some criteria of choosing vocabulary. Usefulness- it sum that can be put to immediate use, e.g. classroom objects in mere(a) level. Frequency- words that appear most give awayly express the most frequent meanings in the language, and importance of these words. Learnability- includes careful choice of words in syllabus, particularly for beginners.Teach ability is very important because we make words for students very easy to understand through different activities by demonstrating or illustrating them. Vocabulary work in course books is organiz ed in segregated activities that present practice of lexical sets, word formation rules, test of words indicated before, snap activities integration of vocabulary into skill works, usually a pre-task or post-task activities.Another source are Vocabulary Books, due to priority given to learning new words in a foreign language (English) at that place is a wide selection of supplementary books available. Usually these books are targeted as books needed for specific purposes, such as business or technology. The bearing is to test vocabulary knowledge rather than to teach it. Activities used in this kind of books such as brainstorming of ideas or meanings to new words and eliciting students with new meaning of words appears to be very useful for students.teacher is also considered as a useful source of acquiring new words, phrases or expressions that teachers use most commonly in classroom. Teachers own stories also can be very valuable to students. They can ask students to make simil ar stories or new stories with given words in order to practice both use and meaning of words.It is in human temper that all develop their own lexicon. Sharing of their knowledge either in brainstorming activities, pair working or spoken activities in classroom is very useful. This leads to student- student lexicon combination and ability to recall and express when necessary.Chapter IV- Texts, Dictionaries and CorporaFrom what we discussed in last chapter about offering vocabulary teaching through lists. In our days texts are being more explicit and the vocabulary teaching has been incorporated into text books. Comparing to lists short texts have great advantages in vocabulary teaching and building purposes. The fact that words are in context increases the chances of learners to appreciate not only the meaning, but and their structural and word order in sentences. Texts usually display connected sets of words. Short texts are very useful for classroom use since they can be subjecte d to intense grammatical and lexical study. Advantage of short texts to long texts is that students do not usually get bored and their attention is not overtaxed. Authentic texts are usually rich in vocabulary especially literary texts. commodious reading provides the opportunity for students to meet words in their context of use, and also supplies repeated encounters with many of these words. Words are usually repeated up to six times, and as more as they repeat it is easily for learners to arrive at the meaning or to get it from context of the sentence. In this context words that are introduced once should at least be reminded once more or if possible more. This has to do with linking between the lessons. It is very important the learners need to enjoy and to get as much as possible, and this type of reading shouldnt be regarded as hard work.Dictionaries are regarded as tools and as vocabulary resource because they contain rich information of the words. For a long time use of di ctionaries has been discouraged in class. It was argued that use of these may encourage learners to focal point only in native words if it is mono-lingual, and might inhibit the development of more useful skills such as guessing from context. Kinds of dictionaries available monolingual and bilingual dictionaries.It is very important to make the difference between these 2 kinds. From my experience I prefer monolingual dictionary of target language, because not only we understand the word we want but also and words related to the meaning or context.The benefit for teachers and learners of corpus data is that it provides both with easily accessible information about real language use, frequency and collocation. Before the advent of corpora, teachers had to rely largely on intuitions about the way words are actually used. Before the advent of corpora, frequency information was also largely guesswork- or involved a great batch of pen-paper counting. Corpus information is typically pre sented in the forem of concordances they display the results of a word search as individual lines of text, with targeted word or words reorient to the centre. Corpora are the latest addition to the resources available for vocabulary input. Concordancing and keyword programs are both of the tools that make corpus data available for classroom use.For the end I would like to say these words Vocabulary teaching and learning is like exploring universe.Burim Sopa i.d- 119325

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay

Effects Of sonorous And Soft Music Psychology EssayMusic has always had affects on human emotion. Music can make any bingle feel anything. However, melody exp binglent ache a hidden government issue. This is referring to the human cardiopulmonary system. Heart run is the amount of times the eye pumps origin in one minute. argumentation blackmail is how knotty the personal credit line is pumped through arteries. This is important because one way to gauge a persons health is to look at amount wander and line of descent compress. Higher blood wardrobe could mean the pith is working harder than it is supposed to or at that place is a clot somewhere. The absolute frequency and the intensity of the unison has been associated with the rise of blood pressure found in the study done by Sakamoto in the The diary of Sound and Vibration. at that place are differences in the attri ande of medicine( earthshaking and soft) that is played and the burden regulate of the p rivate auditory sense to it like metal or screamo(in this sample however it result be Merzbow, which is fairish loud noise and Mozart which is relatively melancholy) (Sakamoto 2002). Now the setback hypothesis can be made also. That soft harmony with a steady tempo can lower blood pressure and sum of money regularise. This is found show up by listening to classical genre of music, such as Mozart in this sample. However, we do not know this is the case. At the University of California, San Diego, they proposed that listening to music would reduce post-stress blood pressure elevations(Chafin et al. 2004). So music could bear an effect after a person already has or experience high heart station or blood pressure. There is a studying at Hiroshima University, that employ the same technique used in this experiment. They used both excitative music and sedative music. What they found out is that excitative music raised heart regularise and sedative music lowered it, but if it was a favorite genre, because the heart rate will always go down (Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). The hypothesis that the group doing this experiment is that the heart rate and blood pressure will not in truth wobble at all in the purlieu that that experiment is pickings place(the lab room). However, my hypothesis is that the louder and the more disorganized the music, the high the blood pressure and heart rate as showing in Sakamotos experiment with loud music with high intensity peaks(Sakamoto 2002). The softer and more organized the music, heart evaluate and blood pressure would decrease as shown in the study by Iwanaga and Moroki when they well-tried sedative music that lowered heart rate(Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). This experiment is pertinent to real life due to the fact that medical doctors can be using music as therapy to help lower heart pass judgment and to forfeit stack relax in modern medicine. If thither is a way for music to control heart rate and blood pressure, it could be used as a treatment for heart diseases or just trying to bring down a high heart rate and blood pressure during a procedure.Materials and MethodsThis experiment did not have genuinely many materials that need to be used. There was a stop watch(minute, second, millisecond), a blood pressure cuff(sphygmomanometer), speakers, and an ipod with an assortment of music genre(however only two poetrys were used in this experiment(Merzbow Noise and Mozart)). First off, you would put the pressure cuff onto one of the people in the paired up groups and allow them to settle. After that is done, the music is turned on(first run is soft music(in this case, Mozart)). When 30 seconds elapses, a measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate needs to be taken by pumping the sphygmomanometer up to 150 mm Hg and then stop to allow the pressure to be released for the machine to get a reading. When the sphygmomanometer shows a reading, say the heart rate and blood pressure(systolic ove r diastolic). And then repeat the whole process again at 90 seconds. After the data is enter and the ipod is reset, the cuff is put on the separate partner and the process is perennial while using the harder music(in this case, Merzbow). The second group however, has a run with hard music for the first two minutes then soft music for the last two minutes. The variables are the music and the order it is played. Also the several(predicate) heart rank and blood pressure between each person. 3 basal readings were taken and they are HR1 80, BP1 146/80, HR2 84, BP2 143/87, HR3 85, BP3 122/75.(HR- heart rate, BP, blood pressure(systolic/diastolic)) After the other readings are taken, there is a t test taken to observe if any of the readings had statistical value using a TI-83 plus graphing ready reckoner that has a simple sample t test program on it.ResultsThis experiment was to test the effects of music on heart rate and blood pressure. The results that came up after the experim ent was over is that despite the type of music played in either order, the values of heart rate and blood pressure went down. During the experiment, the heart rate of most people were high, credibly due to the stress of class. However, as the music started playing(either type of music Merzbow or Mozart) the heart rate and blood pressure went down in general. However, there was a more substantive drop when the classical music was played. The graphs and the table show averaged data points from the raw data.Group 1Group 2BasalHeart Rate76.8574.56Systolic114.33111.83diastolic70.4770.14T essayMozart(1st)Merzbow(1st)Heart Rate0h 0m 30s66.560h 0m 30s65.92Noise0h 1m 30s69.730h 1m 30s67.170h 0m 30sMerzbow(2nd)Mozart(2nd)HRt = 0.48660h 0m 30s67.270h 0m 30s64.58df = 20 monetary standard computer error of difference = 4.8570h 1m 30s67.730h 1m 30s65.58SBPt = 0.1883SystolicMozart(1st)Merzbow(1st)df = 100h 0m 30s111.890h 0m 30s113.17standard error of difference = 4.8270h 1m 30s108.550h 1m 30s1 12.42DBPt = 1.2785Merzbow(2nd)Mozart(2nd)df = 100h 0m 30s111.450h 0m 30s113.50standard error of difference = 3.6260h 1m 30s110.730h 1m 30s109.67DiastolicMozart(1st)Merzbow(1st)0h 0m 30s67.900h 0m 30s69.430h 1m 30s71.270h 1m 30s68.83Merzbow(2nd)Mozart(2nd)0h 0m 30s74.550h 0m 30s69.170h 1m 30s71.000h 1m 30s69.42On some of the points on the data table( externalise 1), especially the averaged heart rates actually got higher ,but only after the heart rate dropped from the nucleotide basal ratings. Also in a few of the graphs(mainly figure 5), there had seem to be an increase in the readings, but as state before this could be due to outliers. According to the T Test that is preformed and showed in figure 1, this is exactly the case.DiscussionThis experiment was conducted in order to figure out the effects of music on heart rate and pressure on people. My hypothesis was that the louder, more disorganized music would raise heart rate and blood pressure. The softer, more organized music wo uld lower it. The results of the experiment showed that this is not the case. On the contrary, all of the music seemed to have lowered the blood pressure and the heart rate. But there were some averaged values which showed a little higher blood pressure and heart rates but this can be discredited due to the already high blood pressure and heart rates of some people, and when you average together these outliers with the average group, it will raise the average up. However, there was a more significant decrease of heart rate and blood pressure when the Mozart was playing in general if looking at the raw data. This could have been from the environment and the compensation of being able to relax in a stressful environment despite the music(i.e. being able to do nothing in a busy class room). The data showed that there were actually some higher blood pressures and heart rates. Another way to do this is to find people who are already relaxed and to measure their blood pressure and heart rate then. Then play music and see if there is a change when a variety of music is played. But according to Bernardi, Porta and manual dexterity meditative music can induce a relaxing effect which is actually corresponding to tempo(Bernardi et al. 2010). So if this was the case then the loud music should have the opposite effect as shown by Sakamotos experiment where they tested high intensity peaks in music and how it raised blood pressure due to the intense variation(Sakamoto 2002). There was no change in the data that was recorded. The equipment could have not been calibrated since there is a need to calibrate the electronic machines every once in awhile. Also there needed to be a longer period of time to listen to the music. ii minutes to listen to a song is not likely to have a very big effect on anyone. The whole song should have been played to really see the effects of music. Lastly there needs to be more participants. Due to the low number of participants, there was not an y statistically significant results as result of the t test. After this experiment the following conclusion can be inferred, that music does not have a predominant effect on heart rate and blood pressure and if there had to be a result, then all music would lower heart rate and blood pressure. bestow CitedChafin, Sky, Christenfeld, Nicholas, Gerin, William, Roy, Michael. 2004. Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British journal of Healthy Psychology. 393.Iwanaga, Makoto PhD., Moroki, Youko. 1999. Stbjective and Physiological Responses to Music Stimul Controlled Over Activity and Preference. Journal of Music Therapy XXXVI. 26-38.L. Bernardi, C. Porta, P. Sleight. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians the importance of silence. http//heart.bmj.com/content/92/4/445.full?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=music+sleightandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec =relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT. September 26th, 2010.Sakamoto, H., Psycho-circulatory Responses caused by Listening to Music, and Exposure to Fluctuation Noise or Steady Noise, The Journal of Sound and Vibration, 5 September, 2002. V 250(1), 23-29.Sokoloski, Erica Smith, Weedman, Donna. 2009. Biology of Organisms 5th Edition. Ohio Cengage Learning.

Does Malaysia Need The Green Belt Concept Environmental Sciences Essay

Does Malaysia Need The Green Belt Concept environmental Sciences EssayMalaysia is moving forward to be an industrialized economy. Malaysia moved from fabric production to manufacturing. The Malaysia manufacturing sector contri entirelyed 32% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007, exports of manufactured products account for 75% of Malaysias positive export in 2007. The manufacturing industries give way snuff it the economys main source of growth in recent years. fit to the Third industrial Masterbroadcast (IMP3) 2006 2020, twelve industries in the manufacturing sector have got been posteriored for throw bulge out victimization and promotion (Table 1). These industries atomic number 18 strategic altogethery important in change to the greater growth of the manufacturing sector, in terms of higher value-added, technology, exports, know guidege content, multiplier and spin-off effects and potential to be integrated regionally and globally. But, on the separate side, th e future target might also encourage environmental degradation if there is no extensive plan toward sustainable industrial victimisation is taken into consideration.Table 1 Exports and Investments Targets for the 12 Targeted Manufacturing IndustriesSource Ministry of planetary Trade and Industryenvironmental protection through contamination stripe and the meeting of environmental standards by deplete treatment of the effluents in the un ilk industries have non worked in umteen countries. The problem of industrial environmental taint is crabbedly serious in evolution countries where the enforcement of environmental regularisations is non strictly enforced. Malaysia rear experience high chances of invalidating environmental impacts referable to its efforts to boost the quick industrialisation of its economy. Many aspects of the residential environment and breathing conditions of houses located near industrial nisusfields potentially affected.Evidence shows that industrial plants cigarette curb the defilement level. In develop earth they have come out with a Green brawl Plan to buffer the urban and industrial ara from spreading its pollutants. A thumby vegetablebelt is an cognition domain of bring that is preserved for a non-urban shoot use. The term of greensbelts tend to sh ar two features, an open grace (green) and a linear shape (belt). All this while, greenbelt was non macrocosm strongly addressed on developing country callable to its target on economic growth.Develop country like United domain and Canada have come out with their own greenbelt Plan. Greenbelts in the UK have had a profound effect on the melt downscape around urban atomic number 18as, for the intimately part achieving their purposes of keeping the countryside open and blocking new using unless for agriculture, timberry and recreation. The London Green Belt was created in response to the unchecked and sprawl growth that took place in that urban center during the 1920s and 1930s.1.2 Issues and Problems Statementspeedy industrialization can have a detrimental effect on the environment which is related to several including resource use, water and commit defilement as hygienic as shoot a line generation. The severity of these environmental consequences may vary, depending on the technologies used in the industrial production process and its organization.Malaysias rapid economic and industrial growth is characterized as a mixed-use urban argonas ontogenesis that incorporates residential industrial atomic number 18as. These residential theatres support the industry by providing them gentleman resources. This growth put forwards both positive and negative impacts on house exploitation. The drop of usable arable land for urban development further results in just about(a) housing e nominates being nestled within industrial compositions as consequences to urban sprawl.Current billet of green efforts in Malaysia is fo cusing on commanding and controlling the wastes occurring during the manufacturing stage of a product. In Malaysia, only bountiful businesses have committed to voluntary initiatives towards green industrial development and this progression is yet to be accepted by SMEs ( excellent and medium enterprise).Landscaping the industrial areas by the development of greenbelts is an effective way of mitigating industrial contaminant.The effectiveness of green belts differs depending on location and operation. They are often being eroded by urban rural fringe use and more or less dates, development encroached over the green belt area, resulting in the creation of satellite towns which, although separated from the urban center by green belt, business to a greater extent like suburbs than independent communities.1.3 Objectives of Studyi) To explain the importance of industrial greenbelt for economic growth whilst minimizing environmental degradation.ii) To come out the significant aspect that should be considered for green industrial development.iii) To give a recommendation for effective strategies of Greenbelts Plan for industrials area towards achieving sustainable industrial development.1.4 signification of StudyGreenbelts in urban areas busyly in industrial are important to the ecological health of any given region. The diverse plants and trees in greenbelts serve as organic sponges for various forms of pollution, and as carbon sequestration to help offset global warming. On the other hand, industrial activities in urban areas have get downd cities to maintain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside and these phenomena is known as an urban heat island. Parks and greenbelts pull up stakes press temperatures while the primaeval Business District (CBD), commercialized areas, and even suburban housing tracts are areas of warmer temperatures.Greenbelts are also important to help urban dwellers detect more machine-accessible to nature. All cities should earmark certain areas for the development of greenbelts to study life and colour to the concrete jungle and serving a salutary environment to the urbanities. The future risk from rapid expanding of industrial development should be investigate and must be seriously taken into consideration. Therefore, through the establishment of planned greenbelts it can helps in limiting urban sprawl.2.0 EVOLUTION OF greenbelt CONCEPT2.1 History of Greenbelt ConceptThe idea of greenbelt was godlike by Sir Ebenezer Howard, a British social reformer, at the beginning of the twentieth century. Howard proposed Garden City which would not only be free of pollution but would also be antidote of polluted cities. The garden cities would be ring by a green backcloth of sylvan land providing local employment opportunities as well as open spot for recreation. It was British architect and planner Raymond Unwin, a town designer and modern-day of Howards, who coined the term greenbelt (Ru th and William, 1994). In 1898 the concept was highly- essential to tackle the problems associated with the provision of new towns located outside the periphery of London, which was then sprawling utmost into the countryside.The Garden City Concept is whiz out of many attempts to reduce and solve social problems during the industrialisation Period. The problems occurred, as more and more arouseers became workers in the factories. The living conditions became worse, due to the fact that many workers settlements were located next to the industrial areas or within the cities. look-alike 1 illustrates diagram of The Three Magnets where Howard analysed why people move to urban center or to the country side. Howards proposal emphatic the integration of the town, the country. He found out that both have advantages and function as magnets. He started with discussions of the optimum size for towns whereby a central city of 58,000 people surrounded by smaller garden cities of 30,000 pe ople individually ( work out 2). Green space or greenbelt and agricultural land go out be as study component in the garden city whereby the permanent green space would separate the city and towns and serving as a horizontal fence of farmland. The requirement of the greenbelt or agricultural land for the Garden City in Howards view was 5,000 acres of the descend 6,000 acres.Therefore, his solution was to develop a city structure which contains the advantages of a city and those of the countryside. The main objective of the concept is to found a new city. enrol 2 Ebenezer Howard, Garden City.Figure 1 Garden Cities of To-morrow The Three Magnets, Ebenezer Howard, 1902In the United States, Franklin Roosevelt tried to adapt Howards new town concept as part of its resettlement program. In the American concept of greenbelt, relatively capacious band of rural land or open space surrounded a town or city. The term greenbelt meant, generally, any whang of open space separating or interr upting urban development. The designated land is controlled through regulation or public or quasi-public ownership ( much(prenominal) as the Nature Conservancy) to go for its natural character and provide a resemblance of rural melodic line in urban areas (Ruth and William, 1994).2.2 A Greenbelt as a outgrowth Plan ComponentA greenbelt is a insurance and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of pear-shapedly undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. Similar concepts are greenways or green wedges which have a linear character and may run through an urban area instead of around it. In essence, a green belt is an inconspicuous line encircling a certain area, preventing development of the area allowing wildlife to dedicate and be established.The green belt insurance was pioneered in the United realm in the 1930s after pressure from the Campaign to Protect rustic England (CPRE) and various other organizations. Ther e are fourteen green belt areas, in the UK covering 16,716 km, or 13% of England, and 164 km of Scotland In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth. The idea is for a ring of countryside where urbanisation go away be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. The fundamental aim of green belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open, and therefore the most important attribute of green belts is their openness.2.2 Categories of GreenbeltA greenbelt principal purpose is to protect open space for natural, cultural, or scenic resources, to separate urban communities, to preserve and conserve natural resources and agriculture. Therefore, greenbelt can be categorized as below.Figure 3 Category of Greenbelt2.2.1 Shelter Belts and Wind BreaksA shelterbelt is usually a roadblock longer than a wind expire and consists of a combinati on of shrubs and trees mean for the protection of field crops and the conservation of soil and water. A wind break is a barrier for protection from winds commonly associated with vegetable gardens and orchards. (Abbasi and Khan, 2000)The objectives of creating shelterbelts areto protect agricultural landto shelter commonwealth in a city-from bouncy wind blastto arrest particulate matters as much as urinateableto shelter live-stockto control sand movementto provide healthy habitat2.2.1 Forest BeltsForest belts is consists of protected natural forest. The objectives of preserving forest belts areto protect watershed areato protect wildlife and its habitatto act as major carbon sequestrationto preserve the exotic and indigenous species of forest vegetationto achieve environmental equilibrium with development2.3 Greenbelt misdemeanour by UrbanisationThere is no doubt that humanity elaboration has had a negative impact on biodiversity and since the industrial revolution the negat ive impacts have only increased with processes such(prenominal) as over seek and hunting, agriculture, the use of herbicides and pesticides and urban sprawl (Hunter, 2007).Rapid urban growth has led to the problems of urban sprawl, ribbon development, unregulated development, high cost for urban infrastructure, and pollution due to the inadequate government activity of urban and industrial waste. All such issues involve land. Land can be used for agriculture, forestry, grazing, industrial and urban uses, inferior corridors, roads, waste garbage disposal and recreation. With the increase of urban population, more and more green areas have to be converted into urban use.Large cities on the other hand need to have the land to spread out. development in population ordain put the pressure on land to serve a better accommodation and facilities for human needs. industrial development will provide job for people, but in the same time it provides an opportunity to the developer to cl ear up the land for housing development. When there is housing development, other kind of development will follows, such as commercial retail areas and school.3.0 THE GROWTH OF industrial ESTATE3.1 industrialization Evolution forever since Industrial Revolution from late eighteen century, economic progress and development have been closely determine with industrialization. This thinking has continued to influence policy makers especially so in developing countries (Jomo, 1993). Since the early 1970s, it has been widely recognised that to ease the problems of poverty and mass unemployment encountered in developing countries, industrialization should play a key role in the economic growth of these nations.The types of industries deemed most suitable for promotion in developing countries are the small and medium-scale industries. These industries are generally less capital intensive than large-scale industries and hence are more spread out in terms of ownership. Establishment of smal l and medium-scale industries could thus lead to a more equitable distribution of income. author studies on development of small-scale industries have concluded that an effective intend of promoting the growth and airing of small and medium-scale industries is the provision of proper sites for the establishment of these enterprises. These sites should instead be located in an industrial estate which is defined as a tract of land which is subdivided and developed according to a comprehensive plan for use of a community of industrial enterprises (Fong 1980). In other words, an industrial estate can also be known as an industrial park.An industrial park is defined as a large tract of land, sub-divided and developed for the use of several firms simultaneously, distinguished by its shareable infrastructure and close proximity of firms. Types and synonyms of industrial parks accommodate industrial estates, industrial districts, export processing zones, industrial clusters, business p arks, office parks, science and research parks, bio-technology parks and eco-industrial park (Peddle, 1993).3.2 Industrial Estate Development in MalaysiaFigure 4 Malaysias Industrial Development variant(1867 1957)Export of agricultural products minerals(1957 1969) instant Substitution Industrialization dodge (ISI)(1970 1980)Export Oriented Industrialization Strategy (EOI)(1981 1986)Import Substitution Industrialization Strategy (ISI)(1987 1996)Export Oriented Industrialization Strategy (EOI)(1997 2005)Recovery Period(EOI)Phase 1Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4Phase 5Phase 6(2006 beyond)EOIPhase 7Malaysias industrial development can be categorise into seven descriptors according to industrial strategies (Figure 4). The first signifier was during the British colonial rule (1867-1957) which was largely limited to export of agricultural products and minerals generally rubber and tin. The period immediately after independence (1957-1969) is the south phase largely dominated by the Im port Substitution Industrialization schema (ISI). Export Oriented Industrialization strategy (EOI) was introduced in 1970 until 1980, followed by the second round of ISI from 1981 up to 1986, an constitute the third and fourth phase respectively. The fifth part phase marked the return to EOI in 1987 till 1996. The Asian crisis and the recovery period constitute another phase from 1997 up until 2005. The final phase was in 2006 and beyond where Malaysian economy hopes to move towards global competitiveness.In early 1970s it has been realized that rapid economic development in developing countries leads to an acute ine step in income distribution. To prevent massive dissatisfaction among their citizens, developing countries were urged to achieve economic growth (particularly industrial growth) with distribution of income as their development goal.Malaysia is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and in many ways a Third World success story. From a country dependent on ag riculture and primary commodities in the sixties, Malaysia has today become an export driven economy spurred on by high technology, knowledge based and capital intensive industries.The establishment of industrial estates in the locations where such activities are desired became a good way of promoting growth and dispersal of industrial activities which can accelerate the economy of the country. Industrial estates are specialized areas zoned for industrial activity where infrastructure (such as roads, power and other utility services) is provided to facilitate the growth of industries and to minimize the impacts on the environment.Industrial estates may include effluent treatment hearty and toxic waste collection, treatment, and disposal air pollution and effluent monitoring technical services on pollution prevention tone precaution (quality assurance and control) and laboratory services.In the scene of economic strategy, State Economic Development Corporations (SEDCs) were esta blished by the various Malaysian states to stimulate industrialization through the development of industrial estates in the respective states. The industrial estates to be established by these SEDCs are envisaged to be in the form of improved tracts of land, with access roads and utility services. Industrial land so developed are leased out (usually for 99 years) to interested entrepreneurs. The lower rates are for industrial land developed in the rural areas, while the higher rates are for such land developed in the urban areas.Currently, Malaysia has over 200 industrial estates or parks occupying a total of 16,000 hectares and 13 Free Industrial Zones (FIZs) developed by government agencies, namely, the State Economic Development Corporations (SEDCs), regional Development Authorities (RDAs), port authorities and municipalities throughout the country.New sites, fully equipped with infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity and water supplies, and telecommunications, are continuously being developed by state governments as well as private developers to meet demand. Specialised parks have been developed in Malaysia to cater to the needs of particular proposition industries. Examples of these parks are the engine room Park Malaysia in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur and the Kulim advanced Park in the northern state of Kedah which cater to technology-intensive industries and RD activities.3.3 Environmental Impacts from the Industrial EstatesThe effects on the environment connected with industrial activities are mainly related to the production of industrial wastes each from its emission or effluent discharges. Figure 5 illustrates on the possible environmental impacts of industrial estates.POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL ESTATESSpills foul soil lost future land useDisposal of substantive wastesLocal nuisances such as racket, lighting transportLandscape disquietOzone depleting greenhouse gasesHabitat degradation blood line befoulmentFres hwater defilementMarine contaminantRisks from hazardous wasteExposure to toxic chemicalsFigure 5 Possible environmental impacts of industrial estatesIndustrial development may always cause changes to the physical environment. Under natural condition, landuse changes can be absorbed by the physical environment through interactions of the various components to attain a dynamic equilibrium state. Rapid human disturbance will create imbalance to the environmental ecosystem as well as to human quality of life. There are a number of forms of industrial pollution. single of the most common is water pollution, caused by toss out of industrial waste into waterways, or improper containment of waste, which causes leakage into groundwater and waterways. Industries release pollutants which impact air quality that lead to photochemical smog, haze and acidification. Due to industrial discharges, and the indiscriminate disposal of raw materials, land pollution takes place. Both, air and water po llution will affected human beings, birds and aquatic life.Ozone depletion is another result of industrial pollution. Chemicals released by industries will affect the stratosphere, one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The emission from industries will removes some of the ozone, causing holes to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to kitchen stove the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has prejudicious effects on plants and wildlife.Activities in industrial estates also can cause noise pollution. Industrial noise refers to noise that is created in the factories which is jarring and unbearable. vowelize becomes noise only it becomes unwanted and when it becomes more than that it is referred to as noise pollution. saturnine industries like shipbuilding and iron and steel have long been associated with hoo-hah Induced Hearing L oss (NIHL). Continuous exposure to noise pollution leads to hearing impairment especially for people who are working in the industry and common people as well. It has been scientifically proved that noise more than 85 decibels can cause hearing impairment and does not meet the standards set for healthy working environment.4.0 A RATIONALE FOR AN INDUSTRIAL GREENBELT4.1 Current Status of Greenbelt Consideration in Industrial EstateAs highlight in earlier chapter, current status of green efforts in Malaysia is focusing on commanding and controlling the wastes produce during the manufacturing stage of a product. Green efforts in Malaysia can be classified into four groups as followsBroad Guiding Principles Establishing common principles and statements of intent crossways subscribing organizations.Process establish Management Systems ISO 14001 is a well known lesson of a process based environmental management system.Performance Based Systems Public disclosure of industrial pollution pr ograms is examples of voluntary programs with clear consummation standards.Process-based Systems with Performance Elements Establishing a hybrid system that combines a structured management system approach with specific performance requirements.Unfortunately, there is no specific guideline and regulation of creating and preserving greenbelt in developing industrial estates as many parties seen it as a secondly important factor. In Malaysia, Kulim Hi-Tech Park is the first in country that can be seen as well planned fully-integrated high technology park. Besides providing one of the outstrip infrastructures, the Parks Masterplan also emphasizes on the quality of life within a self-contained township. Amenities incorporated in the plan include a shopping centre, a hospital, educational institutions and recreational facilities. But still, we are absentminded in controlling the development over-exploitation the land resulting which can resulting environmental deterioration.4.2 Pollut ion Status Caused by Industrial in MalaysiaThe two major environmental issues in Malaysia caused by industrial activities are atmospheric pollution and solid and hazardous wastes (Khidir and Suhaiza, 2009).4.2.1 Atmospheric PollutionAtmospheric pollution has long been associated with the impetuous of fossil fuels, the resulting sulfur dioxide being a major atmospheric pollutant. flame of motor fuels causes an added influx of volatile organic compounds (VOC), coupled with carbon dioxide (CO2) and Nox, nitrous oxides. In Malaysia, local and transboundary emissions play very important roles in determine the status of the atmospheric environment (Hassan, Awang and Jaffar, 2006). The major pollutants observed are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3) and total suspended particulate matter, in particular PM10 (Hassan, Awang and Jaffar, 2006).Industries including power send, motor vehicles and open burning activities remain the major sources o f air pollution in the country. In 2008 a total of 22.971 industrial sources were identified to be subjected to Environmental property (Clean Air) Regulations, 1978. The breakdown of industrial sources by states is as shown in Figure 6. The highest number of stationary pollution sources was in Johor (814134%) followed by Selangor (412718%) and Perak (295612.9%). This is possibly due to the large industrial area in Johor and Selangor that contributed to the pollution. Besides that, both states have a rapid landuse development resulting to the environmental degradation. As to particulate matter, the highest contributor was industries (40%) followed by power stations (25%), motor vehicles (14%) and others (21%) (Figure 7).Source *DOE, Environmental Quality distinguish 2008.Figure 6 Industrial air pollution sources by state in Malaysia, 2008 get vehiclesPower stationIndustrialOthers4,557(14%)7,784(25%)12,664(40%)6,667(21%)Source *DOE, Environmental Quality Report 2008.Figure 7 Partic ulate Matter (PM) emission load by sources (metric tonnes),20084.2.2 Solid and Hazardous WastesGrowing affluence and increasing stringency of population in urban areas have increased the generation and types of solid waste produced. Solid waste management is one of the most important issues of local authorities where much money is spent in the collection and disposal of solid waste (Hassan et. al, 2000). Toxic and hazardous wastes are also one of the major issues in Malaysia. Currently, Malaysia produces about 10000 tonnes of waste every day, bear on to 0.8 to 1.5 kg per capita (MGCC, 2006). According to Hassan, Awang and Jaffar, 2006, the amount of solid waste collected in Malaysia is 70 percent of waste generated The remaining 30 percent not collected ends up in illegal dumping sites, or is entertained at source or during collection for recycling purposes. The illegal dumping sites can cause leachate which possibly will contaminate the soil as well as the waterways. The recyclin g activities amount to only 5% of total waste generated.Manufacturing industry6,830 (38.73%)Sewage treatment plants9,524 (54.01%)Agro-based industry491 (2.78%)Animal farm (Pig farm)788 (4.48%)Solid, toxic and hazardous wastes become pollutants to the water. In 2008, 17,633 water pollution head teacher sources were recorded. These comprise of sewage treatment plants (9,52454.01%) inclusive 668 Network Pump Stations), manufacturing industries (6,830 38.73%), fleshly farms (7884.48%) and agro-based industries (4912.78%) as shown in Figure 8 (Department of Environment).Source DOE, Environmental Quality Report 2008.Figure 8 Composition of water pollution sources by sector, 2008Manufacturing industry was in the second place of water pollution sources. This is due to the expanding of industrial estates in the country. Compared to 2007, there are declining in water quality trend of river basins in 2008 (Figure 9). From 94 clean river basins were recorded, it reduce to 79 in 2008. Whereas , the number for both, slightly polluted and polluted river were increased.Figure 9 Riber basins irrigate Quality Trend based on BOD subindex (1998-2008)Source of Pollution (Activity) Sewage, agrobased manufacturing industries.Pollution Indicator (Parameter) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)Clean fairly pollutedPollutedSource *DOE, Environmental Quality Report 2008.From all those charts and statistics, there are rises to shows that industrial estates have become one of the major contributors to environmental pollution in the country. Therefore, there is need for an alternative plan on how to overcome this problem eventhough special requirements and regulation has been put into efforts but still there is declining in environmental quality.4.3 Greenbelt as Environmental Pollution AbatementIn the context of environmental pollution foramen, a greenbelt has been defined as a strip of trees of such species, and such a geometry, that when planted around a source, would significantly att enuate the air pollution by intercepting and assimilating the pollutants in a sustainable look (Ruth and William, 1994). The concept of greenbelt as a source of pollution abatement was recognized initially by tether nations The U.S.A., Britain and Kenya (Ruth and William, 1994 Gareth et al., 1992 Andy, 1991 Parsons, 1990). In reality greenbelts roughly always include other vegetation, especially shrubs, which also play some role in capturing pollutants. But trees are the mainstays of greenbelts, and often greenbelt woodlet is simply referred as trees eventhough other types of vegetation is also established and nurtured.4.3.1 Air Pollutants Removal by VegetationPlants remove pollutants from the air in three ways(i) Absorption by the leaves,(ii) Deposition of particulate and aerosols on leaf surface, and(iii) Fallout of particulate on the leeward (downwind) side of thevegetation because of the slow up of the air movement(Tewari, 1994 Rawat and Banerjee, 1996).Vegetation acts as CO 2 sink and some species have the dexterity to utilise air pollutants effectively. Several plants have the capacity to collect the dust suspended in the atmosphere and dilute the concentration of toxic and harmful gases. Trees have been reported to remove air pollutants like hydrogen fluoride, SO2, and some compounds of photochemical reactions and collect heavy metals like atomic number 80 (Hg) and lead (Pb) from the air (Hill, 1971 Lin, 1976).After absorbing the air pollutants, trees change them to sinless metabolites through various physiological processes. Of course each and every plant cannot be an agent of air pollution control only those which can tolerate pollutants can act as attenuators. All-in-all, increasing vegetation in the cities, towns, and industrial establishments holds great potential to combat air pollution. Substantial evidence is available to support the view that plants in general and trees in particular function as sinks for gaseous pollutants.4.3.1 Soil and Water Pollutants Removal by VegetationSurface water streams are also affected by industrial effluents and organics. Most of the treated industrial